At the completion of this activity, the participant will be able to:
1. Identify the mechanisms of resistance among common pathogens associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production and vancomycin resistance
2. Recall pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics characteristics of antibiotics in the human urinary tract
3. Review evidence-based treatment guidance for ESBL cystitis
4. Discuss evidence-based treatment options for VRE cystitis
5. Recognize clinical limitations to regimens used to treat cystitis in the setting of complicated urinary tract infection or bacteremia